Early supportive care with rehydration, symptomatic treatment improves survival. In advanced ebola virus infected cases, they usually reveal hypotension, tachycardia, hiccup, hepatosplenomegaly, confusion, and seizures 2. Ebola virus disease pathogenesis, clinical presentation and management abstract. After infection, a secreted glycoprotein sgp known as the ebola virus glycoprotein gp is synthesized. The filoviruses, ebola virus ebov and marburg virus marv, are amongst the deadliest viruses that cause disease in humans with reported case fatality rates of up to 90% in some outbreaks. Ebola virus disease evd is a severe and frequently lethal disease caused by ebola virus ebov. Typically, ebola virus infection runs its course within 14 to 21 days. The high virulence of ebov and marv is largely attributed to the ability of these viruses to interfere with the host immune response. Ebola disease is a severe, often fatal illness in humans. Ebola replication overwhelms protein synthesis of infected cells and host immune defenses. Ebola virus disease evd is a rare and deadly disease most commonly affecting people and nonhuman primates monkeys, gorillas, and chimpanzees.
Pdf the filoviruses, ebola virus ebov and marburg virus marv, are amongst the deadliest viruses that cause disease in humans with reported case. Im sorry to start your friday off on a somber note, but it appears that the ebola virus has made its way to the united states specifically, dallas, and this has initiated an expected interest and fear in the deadly disease. Endothelial cells cells lining the inside of blood vessels. Additionally, the virus is not spread through the air, by water, or in general, by food. There were 318 cases and 280 deaths, an 88% case fatality rate. First recognized near the ebola river valley during an outbreak in zaire in 1976 6, 20, outbreaks have occurred in africa in the ensuing 27 years, with mortality rates ranging from 50 to 90% 26, 28. The mucinliked region of the ebola virus envelope play a significant role in viral infection in nonhuman primates and.
Coronavirus disease 2019 covid19 is an infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 sarscov2. Ebola virus, a rna virus, was discovered in 1976 as zaire ebolavirus and currently is responsible for outbreak in the west africa. The disease was first identified in 1976 during two simultaneous outbreaks in subsaharan africa, one in nzara and the other in yambuku, a village near the ebola river, from which the disease takes its name. Ebola virus disease is considered to be zoonotic, with occasional spillovers to humans, apes, and possibly other animals. Fruit bats belonging to the pteropodidae family are thought to be the natural hosts of the ebola virus, although the virus has not been isolated yet from bats in natural conditions.
The average ebola case fatality rate is around 50%. Multiorgan dysfunction occurs in severe forms with a mortality up to 90%. Endothelial cells, mononuclear phagocytes, and hepatocytes are the main targets of infection. The disease has spread globally since 2019, resulting in the 201920 coronavirus pandemic. Ebola virus disease, viral haemorrhagic fever, filovirus. Ebola virus is one of at least 30 known viruses capable of causing viral hemorrhagic fever syndrome.
Current outbreak of ebola virus ebov in west africa. Ebola virus causes acute hemorrhagic fever leading to up to 90% lethality. Ebola is a rare but deadly virus that causes fever, body aches, and diarrhea, and sometimes bleeding inside and outside the body. Ebola, ebolavirus, epidemic, filovirus, viral disease pathogenesis, viral hemorrhagic fever. Idm 2004 viral pathogenesis november 20, 2008 2 rna virus families 3 filoviruses ebola and marburg from frederick murphy, cdc from fields virology 5th ed. In comparison with earlier ebola outbreaks mortality have been higher 80 90 percent, but number of cases was a thousand times lower. It has been shown that species of fruit bat carry the virus. Ebola virus infection epidemiology bmj best practice. The index case for ebola in guinea was a toddler, thought to have played in a tree infected with bat droppings.
Pathophysiology of shock and hemorrhage in a fulminating viral infection ebola s. Much of our current understanding of ebola virus immunology comes from animal models, which include mice, guinea pigs, and nonhuman primates nhps, typically rhesus or. It is not yet clear what precise factors have caused bats to carry the virus into the. The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and then spreads in the human population through humantohuman transmission. The 202015 west african epidemic, by far the most geographically extensive, most fatal, and longest lasting epidemic in ebolas history, presented an enormous international public health challenge, but it also provided insights into ebolas pathogenesis and natural history, clinical expression, treatment, prevention, and control. On rare occasions, ebola virus disease has resulted from accidental laboratory infections, and there is concern that the virus might be used as an agent of bioterrorism. The first cases of ebola virus infection were reported in zaire now known as the democratic republic of the congo in 1976. Ebola disease ebola disease is a severe, often fatal illness in humans. Pdf the pathogenesis of ebola virus disease researchgate. The filoviruses, ebola virus ebov and marburg virus marv, are among the deadliest viruses that cause. The objective of this report is therefore to describe the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of infants, children, and adults with severe ebola virus infection for providers in adequately resourced environments, considering the paramount importance of safety of healthcare workers and prevention of further spread.
In women who have been infected while pregnant, the virus. Infection initially presents with nonspecific flulike symptoms such as fever, myalgia, and malaise. Signs and symptoms typically start between two days and three weeks after contractin g the vi rus with a fever, sore throat, muscular pain, and headaches. The ebov first attacks macrophages and dendritic immune. The bush meat issue is complex, in relation to ebola, and risk of future outbreaks. Ebola virus ebov belongs to the filoviridae family and is responsible for a severe disease characterized by the sudden onset of fever and malaise accompanied by other nonspecific signs and symptoms. Ebola virus formerly known as zaire virus, sudan virus, reston virus non human, tai forest virus and bundibugyo virus.
The epidemiology and pathogenesis of ebola virus disease will be presented here, including knowledge that emerged during and after the west african epidemic of ebola virus disease. Muscle pain, sputum production and sore throat are. The clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of ebola virus disease are discussed elsewhere. So few specimens of tissue from fatal cases of ebola virus disease have been available for pathologic study that no description can be considered representative, and any analysis of pathogenetic mechanisms should be recognized as speculative. Ebola virus is an aggressive pathogen that causes a highly lethal hemorrhagic fever syndrome in humans and nonhuman primates. Eleven rhesus monkeys were monitored intensively during experimental infection with ebola virus. Pathology of ebola virus disease dr sampurna roy md. Ebola virus disease is one of the most deadly ailments known to mankind due to its high mortality rate up to 90% accompanying with the disease. Although there have been major advances in elucidating the pathogenesis of ebola virus infection, most of the studies were performed in nonhuman primate and rodent models. The filoviruses, ebola virus ebov and marburg virus marv, are among the deadliest viruses that cause disease in humans, with reported case fatality rates of up to 90% in some outbreaks. It is caused by an infection with one of five known ebola virus species, four of which can cause disease in people.
As the virus spreads through the body, it damages the immune. Understanding of ebola virus immunology is a key to vaccine development. Ebola virus disease, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment. The high virulence of ebov and marv is largely attributed to the ability of these viruses to interfere with host immune response. The transmembrane form of gp targets the ebola virus to. Ebola virus is known to persist in immuneprivileged sites in some people who have recovered from ebola virus disease.
Immunology of protection from ebola virus infection. Several lines of evidence suggest that the viral gp plays a key role in the manifestations of ebola virus infection. Simpson, pathophysiology of shock and hemorrhage in a fulminating viral. Clinical presentation and management of severe ebola virus.
First recognized near the ebola river valley during an outbreak in zaire in 1976 6, 20, outbreaks have occurred in africa in the ensuing 27 years, with mortality rates. Pathogenesis of the ebola virus october 3rd, 2014 brain. Ebov is one of the most virulent pathogens among the viral haemorrhagic fevers, and case fatality rates up to 90% have been reported. Ebola virus cannot spread to others when a person has no signs or symptoms of evd. One of the deadliest of epidemic viral diseases, ebola virus disease evd has, since its 1976. However, in certain parts of the world, ebola virus may spread through the handling and consumption of bushmeat wild animals hunted for food. The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and then spreads in the human population through.
Pathophysiology of shock and hemorrhage in a fulminating. Murphy center for disease control, atlanta, georgia 30333, u. The virus is a member of the filoviridae family genus ebolavirus. Five distinct species of ebola virus have been isolated from various epidemics, mainly in african countries, with the exception of the reston virus that originated in. Ebola haemorrhagic fever ehf is an infectious disease of animal that can be transmitted to both human and nonhuman primates. Ebola virus, formally called zaire ebolavirus, is a rare virus that infects humans and nonhuman animals such as pigs and other primates. Currently, there are no approved vaccines or postexposure therapeutics. In this study will be presented epidemiology and pathogenesis of ebola virus disease including new findings resulting from the.
The objectives of ebola virus net are to be the public and professional information resource for ebola and to serve as a network in the exchange of information and news related to ebola. Evd outbreaks typically start from a single case of probable zoonotic transmission, followed by. The rapid progression of ebola virus infection has further complicated the control of this disease, affording little. These sites include the testicles, the inside of the eye, and the central nervous system. The virus causing this outbreak, the zaire ebolavirus ebov, belongs to the genus ebolavirus which together with the genus marburgvirus forms the family of the filoviridae. For almost 50 years, ebolaviruses and related filoviruses. In late stage of renal involvement, the ebola virus can directly damage to the kidneys or may be disseminated intravascular coagulation 2. Common symptoms include fever, cough and shortness of breath.
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